St. Caleb of Axum
Saint Caleb of Axum, also known as Saint Caleb of Ethiopia or Saint Elesbaan, played a pivotal role in the history of Christianity in Najran and Ethiopia during the 6th century. While he himself was not a martyr of Najran, he is credited with liberating the Christian community in Najran from persecution. His efforts are seen as instrumental in restoring and safeguarding Christianity in south Arabia.
Saint Caleb ruled the Kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia during the 6th century. He is celebrated for his profound conversion to Christianity and his unwavering dedication to defending and promoting the Christian faith. One of his most significant achievements was leading a military campaign to reconquer Najran, a prominent Christian center that had fallen under Jewish control led by Dhu Nuwas. This campaign was not only a military conquest but also a restoration of Christian governance and protection for the Christian community in Najran.
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After liberating Najran, Saint Caleb undertook the task of honoring the martyrs who had sacrificed their lives for their faith during the persecution. He facilitated the construction of the Martyrion of Najran, a sacred site dedicated to the veneration of the relics of the Christian martyrs. The Martyrion became a center for pilgrimage and prayer, attracting Arab Christians who sought intercession from the martyrs and drew inspiration from their steadfast faith.
Historical accounts mention that within Najran, three notable churches were established under Saint Caleb’s patronage: the Church of the Ascension of Christ, the Church of the Holy Mother of God, and the Church of the Holy Martyrs and the Glorious Arethas (the Martyrion). Additionally, one or more monasteries were set up to accommodate pilgrims visiting these sacred sites.
The Martyrion of Najran, known for its cubic architectural design reminiscent of the kaa’ba, housed the relics of the holy martyrs and became a symbol of Christian resilience and devotion in the region.
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After his significant contributions to Christianity, Saint Caleb abdicated his throne and retired to a monastery. He spent his remaining years in prayer and contemplation, choosing a life of solitude as a hermit. Saint Caleb's devotion extended beyond his kingdom; he sent his jewel-encrusted crown as an offering to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, expressing his profound reverence for Christ.
Saint Caleb’s tomb is traditionally located in the monastery where he spent his final years, situated in Axum, Ethiopia. This monastery is considered a sacred site and a place of pilgrimage for Ethiopian Christians who venerate Saint Caleb as a saint and protector. His tomb remains a significant place of reverence, symbolizing the enduring impact of his life and beliefs on Ethiopian Christianity.
Saint Caleb of Axum is revered in Ethiopia and among the Ethiopian Orthodox Church for his piety, devotion to Christianity, and his efforts to defend and promote the Christian faith. His feast day is celebrated in the Catholic Church on May 15th, commemorating his contributions to the spread of Christianity and his role in the history of Najran and Ethiopia.