Uncovering the Church in Arabia’s Ancient Roots

The Extraordinary Jubilee of St. Arethas and Companions offered the Church in Arabia a profound opportunity to reconnect with its ancient roots, uncovering a deep and often overlooked Christian heritage in the region. Prior to the Jubilee, many in the present-day migrant Church believed that Christianity in the Arabian Peninsula was a modern phenomenon, brought in by waves of economic migrants. The Jubilee shattered this misconception, bringing to light the rich Christian history that has been present for centuries.

St. Arethas, along with thousands of Martyrs of Najran, were prominent figures in early Christian history and serve as a vital link to the Church’s presence in the Arabian Peninsula during its formative centuries. Through liturgies, pilgrimages, and historical reflections, the Jubilee illuminated the enduring faith of the early Arab Christian martyrs.

A pivotal moment in the celebration was the return of the sacred relics of St. Arethas, transported from an Orthodox monastery on Mount Athos to Arabia via Istanbul, the present-day Constantinople. This gift, presented by Orthodox Patriarch Bartholomew I, reinforced the historical connection between Constantinople and the Church in Arabia. Constantinople holds particular significance as the seat of Byzantine Emperor Justin I, who in 525 AD supported the Axumite Christian reconquest of Najran. Bartholomew I, the current Patriarch of Constantinople, traces his lineage to the same patriarch who promptly promoted the commemoration of the martyrs in the liturgy shortly after their sacrifice.

The patriarchal support for the veneration of the Martyrs of Najran extended beyond Constantinople. The Patriarch of Alexandria in Egypt also played a key role in the early recognition of these martyrs. Fittingly, centuries later, Bishop Claudio Lurati, the current Apostolic Vicar for the Latin in Alexandria, participated in the inaugural ceremonies of the Jubilee, underscoring the continuity of apostolic tradition across the centuries and Alexandria’s link with Arabia.

As for Najran itself, although the Christian community there eventually vanished, the site of the martyrdom has been preserved, bearing witness to the region’s vibrant Christian heritage. Recent findings suggest a Christian presence in southern Arabia until the 12th century, though greatly diminished. The well-preserved martyrdom site at al-ukhdud serves as a solemn testament to the unwavering faith of these early Arab Christians. Bone fragments and traces of burning provide tangible evidence of their sacrifice, linking the present generation to the profound events that took place centuries ago.

Miraculously surviving the harsh desert elements for over fifteen centuries, rock inscriptions in ancient languages provide a rare glimpse into the past. These inscriptions preserve the memory of the massacre, allowing the faithful to reflect on the steadfastness of those who endured persecution for their beliefs, keeping alive the legacy of faith and martyrdom for future generations.

Historical records attest to the significant role the Christians of Najran played in shaping the region. Even with the rise of Islam in the seventh century, Najran remained a Christian stronghold for another century. Islamic tradition documents an interesting meeting in Medina (c. 631-632 AD) between the leaders of Najran’s Christian community and the Prophet Mohammed, highlighting their continued presence and influence.

In this historic meeting, intellectual discourses were held between the two parties, discussing theology, Christology, and shared moral values. It is said that the Christian delegation - led by a bishop, together with 45 scholars and 15 men - engaged in an investigatory dialogue for two or three days about the divinity of Christ and the nature of the Trinity. The respectful exchange allowed for an atmosphere of mutual understanding, even as theological differences persisted. It is also noted that the Prophet of Islam offered the Christians of Najran the use of his mosque, Masjid Al-Nabawi, for their prayers (perhaps for the celebration of the holy mass or the liturgy of the hours?), demonstrating a profound respect for religious dialogue and coexistence.

The Christians of Najran provided a direct link between Christianity and Islam in the latter’s infancy. The initial harmony between the followers of Islam, led by the Prophet Mohammed, and the Christians of Najran serves as an ideal model for inter-religious dialogue, a model especially relevant today in a world that increasingly needs examples of peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding.

While differences in Christological doctrines among various Christian traditions persist, as they did during the time of St. Arethas, many churches today are united in venerating these martyrs. This shared reverence provides a valuable foundation for ecumenism and dialogue, fostering a sense of unity that transcends theological divisions. By honoring the same martyrs, the Christian community finds common ground to build stronger inter-denominational relationships.

The Jubilee also offered the present generation of faithful a unique opportunity to come together in the veneration of a common group of saints, fostering unity within the multiethnic and multicultural Church in Arabia today. This shared reverence not only strengthens bonds among diverse communities but also reinforces a collective identity rooted in a rich Christian heritage. As the faithful unite in honoring these martyrs, they contribute to a renewed sense of belonging and purpose within the vibrant tapestry of the Church in the region.

By reflecting on the sacrifices of St. Arethas and his Companions, the Church in Arabia not only honors its past but also revitalizes its mission for the present and the future. The Jubilee celebrations inspired both clergy and laity to explore the rich history of early Christianity in Arabia, reaffirming their commitment to preserving and living out the ancient Christian faith in the modern world.